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The statue was assembled on a pedestal base built by the United States. It came in 350 pieces packed into 214 crates. The Statue of Liberty arrived in New York Harbor on June 19, 1885. a special gift: sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi's beautiful statue called Liberty Enlightening the World. To honor its friendship with America, France gave the U.S. ISBN 0-89875-591-3.During the Revolutionary War, France became a close friend of Americans seeking freedom from Great Britain.
Steel ocean game copper coins archive#
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In numismatics, the term "orichalcum" is used to refer to the golden-colored bronze alloy used for the sestertius and dupondius coins. Pseudo-Aristotle in De mirabilibus auscultationibus (62) describes a type of copper that is "very shiny and white, not because there is tin mixed with it, but because some earth is combined and molten with it." This might be a reference to orichalcum obtained during the smelting of copper with the addition of " cadmia", a kind of earth formerly found on the shores of the Black Sea, which is attributed to be zinc oxide. Pliny the Elder points out that orichalcum had lost currency due to the mines being exhausted. In the center of the temple stood a pillar of orichalcum, on which the laws of Poseidon and records of the first son princes of Poseidon were inscribed. The interior walls, pillars and floors of the temple were completely covered in orichalcum, and the roof was variegated with gold, silver, and orichalcum. Īccording to the Critias of Plato, two of the three outer walls of the Temple of Poseidon and Cleito on Atlantis were clad, respectively, in brass and tin, while the third and outermost wall "flashed with the red light of orichalcum". Orichalcum is first mentioned in the 7th century BC by Hesiod, and in the Homeric hymn dedicated to Aphrodite, dated to the 630s. They were analyzed with X-ray fluorescence by Dario Panetta of Technologies for Quality and turned out to be an alloy consisting of 75–80% copper, 15–20% zinc, and smaller percentages of nickel, lead, and iron.
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In 2015, 39 ingots believed to be orichalcum were discovered in a sunken vessel on the coasts of Gela in Sicily which have tentatively been dated at 2,600 years old. Needham also suggests that the Greeks may not have known how orichalcum was made, and that they might even have had an imitation of the original. Joseph Needham notes that Bishop Richard Watson, an eighteenth-century professor of chemistry, wrote of an ancient idea that there were "two sorts of brass or orichalcum". However, these usages are difficult to reconcile with the claims of Plato's Critias, who states that the metal was "only a name" by his time, while brass and chalcopyrite were very important in the time of Plato, as they still are today. In later years, "orichalcum" was used to describe the sulfide mineral chalcopyrite and also to describe brass. Orichalcum has been held to be either a gold– copper alloy, a copper– tin or copper– zinc brass, or a metal or metallic alloy no longer known. In Virgil's Aeneid, the breastplate of Turnus is described as "stiff with gold and white orichalc". It is known from the writings of Cicero that the metal which they called orichalcum resembled gold in color but had a much lower value. The Romans transliterated "orichalcum" as "aurichalcum", which was thought to literally mean "gold copper".